Chapter 1 The special theory of relativity

1905 is often described as Einstein’s annus mirabilis: a wonderful year in which he came up with three remarkable ideas. These were the Brownian motion in fluids, the photoelectric effect and the special theory of relativity. Each of these was of a basic nature and also had a wide impact on physics. In this chapter we will be concerned with special relativity, which was arguably the most fundamental of the above three ideas. It is perhaps a remarkable circumstance that, ever since the initiation of modern science with the works of Galileo, Kepler and Newton, there has emerged a feeling towards the end of each century that the end of physics is near: that is, most in-depth fundamental discoveries have been made and only detailed ‘scratching at the surface’ remains. This feeling emerged towards the end of the eighteenth century, when Newtonian laws of motion and gravitation, the studies in optics and acoustics, etc. had provided explanations of most observed phenomena. The nineteenth century saw the development of thermodynamics, the growth in understanding of electrodynamics, wave motion, etc., none of which had been expected in the previous century. So the feeling again grew that the end of physics was nigh. As we know, the twentieth century saw the emergence of two theories, fundamental but totally unexpected by the stalwarts of the nineteenth century, viz., relativity and quantum theory. Finally, the success of the attempt to unify electromagnetism with the weak interaction led many twentieth-century physicists to announce that the end of physics was not far off. That hope has not materialized even though the twenty-first century has begun.